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Neural Network From Scratch
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Neural Network From Scratch

HardPython

Problem

Bell’s network analytics team needs a lightweight binary classifier that can run without a machine learning framework. Implement a fully connected neural network from scratch using only Python lists and arithmetic.

Your function must train a network with one hidden layer and return a binary prediction for every input row. Use tanh in the hidden layer, sigmoid in the output layer, binary cross-entropy gradients, and full-batch gradient descent. Initialize weights deterministically so repeated calls produce the same predictions.

Formal Specification

Implement neural_network(X, y, hidden_size, learning_rate, epochs), where X is a non-empty list of rows containing numeric features and y is a list of binary labels. The function returns a list of integers, each either 0 or 1, in the same order as the input rows.

Initialize input-to-hidden weights using 0.05 * (j + 1) with alternating signs based on feature and hidden-unit indices. Initialize hidden-to-output weights using the same magnitude pattern with alternating signs. Initialize all biases to zero. Train using batch updates, then classify sigmoid outputs at threshold 0.5.

Constraints

  • 1 <= len(X) <= 500
  • 1 <= len(X[0]) <= 20
  • Every row has the same number of features
  • len(y) == len(X)
  • Each label in y is either 0 or 1
  • 1 <= hidden_size <= 20
  • 0 < learning_rate <= 1
  • 0 <= epochs <= 10000
  • Only Python lists and arithmetic may be used

Function Signature

def neural_network(X, y, hidden_size, learning_rate, epochs):
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