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Design Personalized Marketplace Search Ranking

HardSystem Design00:00
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Your question is Design Personalized Marketplace Search Ranking. Take a moment with it on the right.

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Problem

Scenario

You are leading the design of a personalized search and recommendation system for a large e-commerce marketplace. When shoppers search or browse a category, the system must retrieve and rank relevant products in real time while balancing conversion, revenue, customer experience, and seller ecosystem health. The current rules-based stack is no longer keeping up with catalog growth, seasonal demand shifts, and personalization needs. The business wants a new ML-driven system that improves purchase rate without hurting latency or availability on a core shopping surface.

Scale

SignalValue
DAU65M shoppers
Peak search/browse QPS420K requests/sec
Active product catalog180M ASINs
New or updated listings/day14M
Candidates scored/request20K retrieved  1K ranked  100 re-ranked
End-to-end latency budget (p99)180ms

Question

How would you design this end-to-end ML system, including retrieval, ranking, re-ranking, training and serving architecture, and the way you would evaluate, monitor, and operate it safely at this scale?