Debug setTimeout Output

You're interviewing as a frontend engineer at Faculty.ai. The team shows you a small TypeScript module from an internal dashboard that polls a model-training job for status and schedules a fixed number of retries before giving up. It was written to retry with indices 0, 1, 2, 3 and then give up, but the on-call engineer says the console log never looks like that in practice.

const MAX_RETRIES = 3;

console.log("start");

for (var i = 0; i <= MAX_RETRIES; i++) {
  setTimeout(() => {
    console.log("retry attempt", i);
  }, 0);
}

const giveUpId = setTimeout(() => {
  console.log("giving up");
}, 0);

Promise.resolve()
  .then(() => console.log("status check queued"))
  .then(() => console.log("status check sent"));

console.log("end");

function cancelPolling() {
  clearInterval(giveUpId);
}

cancelPolling is defined but never called in this snippet. Write out exactly what gets printed to the console, in order, and explain the underlying cause of every line that doesn't match what the author intended. Then explain, as if talking a teammate through it, how you'd fix each cause.