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Course Completion Ordering

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Your question is Course Completion Ordering. Start with the requirements on the right.

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Problem

Oracle Cloud Infrastructure training modules must be completed in prerequisite order. Given a number of courses and prerequisite pairs, return any valid order in which all courses can be completed.

A pair [course, prerequisite] means the prerequisite course must be completed before course. If the prerequisites contain a cycle and completion is impossible, return an empty list.

Formal Specification

Implement find_course_order(num_courses, prerequisites).

  • num_courses is an integer representing courses labeled from 0 through num_courses - 1.
  • prerequisites is a list of integer pairs, where each pair has the form [course, prerequisite].
  • Return a list containing every course exactly once if a valid order exists.
  • Return [] if no valid order exists.

Constraints

  • 1 <= num_courses <= 10^5
  • 0 <= prerequisites.length <= 2 * 10^5
  • Each pair contains two valid, distinct course labels
  • Duplicate prerequisite pairs may appear
  • Any valid completion order is accepted

Function Signature

def find_course_order(num_courses, prerequisites):
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