Your question is File I/O Bottlenecks and Mitigations. Take a moment with it on the right.
Talk me through your thinking if you like. When you're confident, submit your answer and I'll grade it like a real screen (7/10 or better passes).
What are the primary bottlenecks in performant file I/O operations, and how do concepts like zero-copy and asynchronous system calls mitigate them?
Discuss the operating-system path from application buffers to storage or a network socket, compare ordinary buffered I/O with zero-copy techniques such as sendfile(2), and explain how asynchronous APIs such as io_uring change waiting and concurrency. Include the trade-offs and circumstances where these techniques do not help.
Scope: Linux system calls and high-throughput server workloads.