Context

Understanding time complexity is essential for choosing the right data structure in coding interviews and production systems. Interviewers often expect candidates to compare common structures and justify trade-offs.

Core Question

Describe the time complexities of common data structures, focusing on arrays, linked lists, hash tables, stacks, queues, heaps, and trees. In your answer:

1. Explain the typical time complexity for access, search, insertion, and deletion.
2. Distinguish between average-case, worst-case, and amortized complexity where relevant.
3. Discuss why the complexity differs across structures based on their internal organization.

Scope Guidance

You do not need to derive formal proofs, but you should give a clear interview-level explanation of how these structures behave, when one is preferred over another, and the common pitfalls in oversimplifying complexity claims such as saying a hash table is always O(1).