Coding & Data Structures
This area validates your ability to write clean, correct code under time constraints. Problems are practical but expect classic algorithmics to ensure you can reason about performance and edge cases. Interviewers value working solutions with clear complexity analysis and incremental optimization.
- Be ready to go over:
- Arrays/Strings: hashing, two-pointers, sorting, permutations
- Linked Lists: pointer manipulation, kth-from-end
- Stacks/Monotonic Structures: next-greater element patterns
- Trees/Graphs: traversal strategies, vertical ordering, BST transformations
- Advanced concepts (less common): in-place data structure design, amortized analysis, custom collection implementations
- Example questions or scenarios:
- "Group anagrams and discuss O(n), O(n log n), and space trade-offs"
- "Find the kth element from the end of a linked list—single pass vs. two pass"
- "Next greater element in an array—optimize with a monotonic stack"
- "Implement an ArrayList using a fixed array—growth strategy and amortized costs"
- "Transform a BST to replace each node with the sum of greater nodes (reverse in-order)"
SQL & Data Manipulation
Your SQL depth signals whether you can transform raw tables into reliable, performant datasets. Expect tasks involving joins, window functions, aggregations, and careful handling of duplicates and nulls. Interviewers will ask about query plans and how you optimize for scale.
- Be ready to go over:
- Window functions: rank, dense_rank, lag/lead for feature building and report metrics
- Join strategies: inner vs. left, semi/anti joins, handling many-to-many explosions
- Data quality: deduplication using window specs, surrogate keys, idempotent upserts
- Advanced concepts (less common): partition pruning, clustering/z-ordering, incremental models and CDC merges
- Example questions or scenarios:
- "Given events with duplicates, produce session-level metrics with deterministic dedupe"
- "Compute daily active sellers with rolling 7/28-day cohorts using windows"
- "Explain how you’d optimize a slow join on large dimension tables"
- "Design a SQL model that supports both daily aggregates and ad-hoc drill-down"
Data Modeling & Warehousing
Here you translate business domains into schemas that scale. You’ll discuss entities, relationships, slowly changing dimensions, and modeling for analytics and ML feature stores. Clear naming, lineage, and governance matter.
- Be ready to go over:
- Dimensional modeling: star/snowflake, fact grain, surrogate keys
- SCD patterns: Type 1 vs. Type 2 and when to use each
- Feature pipelines: offline/online consistency, point-in-time correctness
- Advanced concepts (less common): data contracts, schema evolution, lakehouse layouts, time travel/versioning
- Example questions or scenarios:
- "Model buyers, sellers, listings, and orders for marketplace analytics"
- "Design a schema for a recommendations feature store ensuring no data leakage"
- "Handle schema changes to a core events table without breaking downstream jobs"
Distributed Processing & Streaming
This assesses your grasp of systems like Spark, Flink, Kafka, or similar. You’ll reason about throughput, latency, state management, and exactly-once semantics. The goal is to show you can deliver reliable pipelines under real load.
- Be ready to go over:
- Batch processing: partitioning, skew mitigation, shuffle optimization, checkpointing
- Streaming: consumer groups, backpressure, windowing, watermarking, late data handling
- Reliability: idempotency, dedupe strategies, transactional sinks
- Advanced concepts (less common): state stores, compacted topics, outbox/CDC patterns, lakehouse streaming sinks
- Example questions or scenarios:
- "Design a clickstream ingestion pipeline with near real-time aggregations and SLAs"
- "Handle late-arriving events with correctness guarantees"
- "Optimize a skewed Spark job where a hot key dominates traffic"
System Design for Data Platforms
Expect open-ended design prompts focused on end-to-end data delivery: ingestion, storage, processing, serving, cost, and observability. Interviewers want clear interfaces, SLAs, and a stepwise plan to iterate.
- Be ready to go over:
- Ingestion: batch vs. streaming trade-offs, CDC vs. full loads
- Storage: lake vs. warehouse choices, file formats (Parquet), partitioning
- Serving: marts, semantic layers, contracts for DS/analytics
- Advanced concepts (less common): multi-tenant isolation, cost governance, metadata/lineage, RBAC/PII handling
- Example questions or scenarios:
- "Design the data backbone for a ‘Recommended Listings’ feature—from raw events to serving layer"
- "Build a deduplicated, privacy-aware profile data pipeline with GDPR deletion support"
- "Create a data quality framework with SLIs/SLOs and alerting"